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Nesting behavior and biology of two carpenter bees, Xylocopa nasalis and Xylocopa ruficornis, in Vietnam
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DOI：10.1007/s42690-026-01825-3.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Large carpenter bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopa) are key pollinators in tropical ecosystems, yet little is known about their nesting and foraging ecology in Vietnam. This study investigated the nesting biology of two carpenter bee species, Xylocopa nasalis Westwood, 1838, and Xylocopa ruficornis Fabricius, 1804, as well as their foraging activity and associated floral resources in southern Vietnam. A total of 65 nests (48 of X. nasalis and 17 of X. ruficornis) were collected and examined from March to June 2025. Nest structures differed between the two species with respect to entrance orientation, internal nesting architecture, and partition thickness. Both species had large numbers of males in the same nest in the rainy season. Seasonal variations were studied in X. nasalis alone and in this species sex ration and nest cell numbers vary between dry and wet months. X. nasalis and X. ruficornis were recorded visiting 20 plant species in 20 genera and 11 families, with X. nasalis foraging on all species while X. ruficornis visited 12 species, most frequently from Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Cucurbitaceae. These findings contribute to understanding bee biology and have implications for pollinator conservation in tropical ecosystems undergoing climatic shifts.
Keywords:
Large carpenter bee
Nesting behavior
Southern Vietnam
Xylocopa nasalis
Xylocopa ruficornis
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