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New insights into “butterflies” formed in rolling bearings through 3D scanning electron microscopy
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DOI：10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2026.109911.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• By using fs-laser PFIB serial section electron microscopy, ‘butterflies’ formed in a steel bearing outer race have been characterised in 3-dimensions, revealing their true shape being a disc-shaped white etching area (WEA) with a non-metallic inclusion (NMI) at the centre. • ‘Butterflies’ have two distinctive formation stages: the fully developed stage when their NMIs are fully encapsuled by WEA; early stages, when their NMIs are partially covered by WEA. Early stage butterflies show to have higher voids-to-WEA volume ratios compared to the fully formed ones. • ‘Butterfly’ WEA disc formation and growth is driven by cavities at the inclusion–matrix interface and/or micro-cracks within the inclusion, depending on inclusion type. Cracking and surface rubbing are unlikely the dominant WEA formation mechanisms based on the voids/cracks characteristics observed in the butterflies in 3D.
Keywords:
Rolling contact fatigue
Butterfly
Bearing steel
Rolling bearings
White etching area
Non-metallic inclusion
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