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Non-equilibrium scaling across first-order transitions with self-interacting scalar fields
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DOI：10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2026.117585.png)
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Abstract
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We investigate the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a relativistic Z2-symmetric scalar field theory with Langevin dynamics in two and three spatial dimensions under linear driving across magnetic first-order phase transitions, close to and far below the critical temperature Tc. Using classical-statistical lattice simulations, we find that if the driving timescale is sufficiently fast, the system exhibits finite-time scaling behavior independent of temperature and dimensionality, identical to that observed in mean-field simulations. In slow quenches near Tc this mean-field behavior crosses over to critical Kibble-Zurek scaling behavior, while for temperatures T ≪ Tc nucleation and growth dominate the transition dynamics. Near the transition point where the order parameter changes sign, the crossover between mean-field and critical out-of-equilibrium dynamics is found to be well described by the leading algebraic correction to Kibble-Zurek scaling. We find that universal non-equilibrium scaling behavior can be observed for T ≲ Tc, provided the driving is fast enough to avoid nucleation but slow enough for correlations to form, and compute the associated universal scaling functions for the order parameter.
Keywords:
Dynamic critical phenomena
Non-equilibrium phase transitions
Classical-statistical simulations
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