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NSGR: A Tile-Free 360° Video LIVE System With Edge Servers Enhancing Viewport Quality
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DOI：10.1109/tbc.2026.3696566.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In 360° video transmission, the “tile-based” mode has proven effective in enhancing viewport quality under bandwidth constraints. However, this mode cannot support real-time generation and large-scale distribution of multi-bitrate and multi-tile video versions within the latency limits required for live streaming. This paper introduces a “tile-free” mode to reduce encoding redundancy and lower computation, caching, and communication overhead. With this mode, we design an edge-assisted LIVE system for processing and transmitting 360° videos, where effective signal superposition of the video layers enables users with poor channel quality to achieve a high quality of experience (QoE). The joint strategy of user grouping, bandwidth allocation, and bitrate decision is formulated as a multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem to maximize the users’ QoE and minimize the system energy consumption. After deriving the latency equivalence properties among non-dominated solutions, we propose the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Relaxation (NSGR) scheme, which leverages enhanced genetic algorithms with continuous slackness for improved optimization. Compared with state-of-the-art schemes, NSGR makes 360° video LIVE feasible, enhancing total QoE by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$18\sim ~23\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and reducing the energy consumption by <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50\sim ~62\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Additionally, we propose a constant-time complexity alternative that achieves similar gain.
Keywords:
Tile-free
edge-assisted
360° video LIVE
processing-transmitting strategy
QoE-QoS optimization
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