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Numerical investigation of combined forced flow and counterflow effects in superfluid helium around a cylinder using the two-fluid model
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DOI：10.1108/hff-12-2025-0969.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
<jats:sec>
<jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>
<jats:p>This study investigates the behaviour of superfluid helium (He-II) around a two-dimensional cylinder under cryogenic conditions. To understand different aspects of the problem, three scenarios are examined pure thermal counterflow around a heated cylinder, forced flow past an adiabatic cylinder and combined forced and thermal counterflow. This study aims to understand the non-classical flow behaviour, its effect on drag and the complex interactions between the components of He-II.</jats:p>
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<jats:title>Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>
<jats:p>The two-fluid model with the Gorter–Mellink mutual-friction assumption is used and solved with the finite volume method in OpenFOAM. Simulations are carried out at three Reynolds numbers (Re = 2, 20, 40) and a range of specific heat fluxes (0–40 W/m2) to capture the flow and drag characteristics under different conditions.</jats:p>
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<jats:title>Findings</jats:title>
<jats:p>In pure thermal counterflow conditions, the flow is purely radial. In forced flows without heat flux, vortex formation and separation resemble classical fluids, but the two-fluid nature of the flow delays separation and reduces drag. In combined flows, increasing heat flux initially increases drag due to asymmetry; higher fluxes restore symmetry and reduce drag. These behaviours are quantified by a new non-dimensional parameter, β.</jats:p>
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<jats:title>Originality/value</jats:title>
<jats:p>Existing literature indicates that the combined influence of thermal counterflow and forced flow in He-II around bluff bodies has not been previously examined. The present work fills the gap by establishing the first detailed analysis of mixed-flow behaviour in He-II. It offers new insights directly relevant to cryogenic systems.</jats:p>
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