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Numerical simulation of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a sand-based thermal energy storage system
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DOI：10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.111238.png)
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Abstract
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• Transient CFD model validated at 343 K: temperature deviation 0.89–1.53 %, friction factor deviation of 2.34–3.03 %. • Dean numbers 58–155 induce secondary vortices enhancing Nusselt number 4.14–6.78× straight pipe. • Thermal Performance Factor 6.84 – 10.55 confirms net benefits of U-bends.
Keywords:
Curvature effects
Fourier number
Friction factor
Manufactured sand
Serpentine heat exchanger
Thermal penetration depth
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