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Occurrence and prediction of pharmaceuticals in Japanese rivers receiving different levels of untreated gray water discharges
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DOI：10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101433.png)
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Abstract
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• Domestic gray water is partly discharged untreated in unsewered Japanese areas. • CAF & TEP were dominant in rivers with limited sewerage, but minor in urban rivers. • CAF & TEP predictions were improved by considering untreated gray water discharge. • Other human & veterinary drugs in rivers were linked with human & swine populations. • This is the first study modeling drug emissions via untreated gray water.
Keywords:
Domestic greywater
Decentralized wastewater system
Sewage treatment plant
Catchment population
Caffeine
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