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One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Mirror Heterostructure for Ultra-high-Q Optical Refractive Index Sensing
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DOI：10.1007/s11220-026-00766-y.png)
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Abstract
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Refractive index sensing based on photonic crystal structures has emerged as a powerful platform for label-free and highly precision detection in chemical and biological applications. Here, we present a high-performance one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) heterostructure tailored for ultra-sensitive refractive index sensing. The design leverages a symmetric, reverse-stacked cavity configuration to achieve an exceptionally high-quality factor (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\text{Q}-\text{f}\text{a}\text{c}\text{t}\text{o}\text{r}\text{s}$$\end{document}) and near-unity transmission in the telecom band. The structure comprises two mirror-symmetric 1D PCs arranged in reverse order to generates a localized interface state at their junction, giving rise to a sharp resonance within the photonic bandgap (PBG). Impedance-matching layers composed of silicon and air are added at both input and output interfaces to enhance light-matter interaction and transmission efficiency. We employ finite-element-method (FEM) simulations with lossless materials to realize a sharply defined resonance, yielding a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\text{Q}-\text{f}\text{a}\text{c}\text{t}\text{o}\text{r}$$\end{document} of 1.32 & times; 10(8), sensitivity of 1197.2 nm/RIU, figure of merit (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\text{F}\text{O}\text{M}$$\end{document}) of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:9.04\:\times\:\:10<^>4$$\end{document}, and detection limit (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\text{D}\text{L}$$\end{document}) of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\sim1.1\:\times\:\:10<^>{-8}$$\end{document} RIU. The structure exhibits near-unity transmission, polarization insensitivity, and operates in the telecom band (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\lambda\:\:\approx\:\:1512\:nm$$\end{document}). Despite their idealized nature, these findings lay a high-performance foundation for the design of practical 1D PCs sensors targeting trace gas or low-concentration biochemical detection.
Keywords:
Photonics crystals
Optical sensing
Refractive index
Mirror structure
Sensitivity
Figure of merit
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