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Operationalizing marine multifunctionality in Europe: Policy mixes, activation modes, and governance functions
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DOI：10.1016/j.marpol.2026.107202.png)
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Abstract
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• Systematic review of European marine multifunctionality through a policy-mix lens. • Four governance instruments analysed: legal, economic, spatial planning, techno-digital. • Sequenced policy mixes enable multifunctionality better than single instruments. • North Sea cases are energy-led; Southern Europe centres on fisheries–tourism–conservation. • Policy implications: package instruments early, pilot provisionally, embed monitoring.
Keywords:
Multi-use
Multi-purpose
Policy mixes
Marine spatial planning
Blue economy
Offshore wind
Fisheries
Aquaculture
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