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Optimization and performance evaluation of biochar-cardboard briquettes for bioenergy storage applications using statistical modeling
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DOI：10.1007/s13399-026-07232-5.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The growing demand for sustainable bioenergy storage materials highlights the need for mechanically stable briquettes with high energy efficiency; however, existing studies often lack systematic optimization of processing parameters governing these properties. In particular, the combined effects of moisture content, binder ratio, and compaction pressure on biochar–cardboard briquettes remain insufficiently understood. To address this research gap, this study employs the Box–Behnken Design (BBD) in conjunction with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the production conditions of biochar–cardboard briquettes, focusing on three critical process parameters: humidity (10–20%), binder content (10–20%), and pressure (200–600 bar). These factors significantly affect the mechanical durability and higher heating value (HHV) of the briquettes. Through the development of second-order polynomial models, the influence of individual and interaction effects was evaluated. Statistical and graphical analyses (2D contour and 3D response surface plots) revealed that durability is enhanced by lower humidity, moderate binder content, and high pressure, while HHV is primarily influenced by the binder ratio, with minimal impact from humidity and pressure. Proximate and elemental analyses supported the optimization results, confirming that higher carbon and fixed carbon contents are associated with increased calorific value and improved combustion properties. A strong linear correlation was observed between fixed carbon and total carbon content. The optimal production conditions-15% humidity, 15% binder, and 400 bar pressure-resulted in a durability of 98.87% and an HHV of 25.36 MJ/kg, demonstrating the necessity and effectiveness of optimizing briquette properties to achieve a balance between mechanical integrity and energy performance for bioenergy storage applications.
Keywords:
Agricultural wastes
Biochar
Briquettes
Calorific value
Pilot-Scale
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