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Optimization Design of an Energy Storage-Electric Vehicle Collaborative Multi-energy Complementary Modular Energy Supply System for High Photovoltaic Penetration
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DOI：10.1016/j.segy.2026.100253.png)
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Abstract
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• Developed a typical-day multi-scenario, bi-objective MILP that co-optimizes capacity sizing and hourly operation while minimizing both system NPC and EV users’ NPC under PV uncertainty. • Aggregated park EVs as a bidirectional virtual storage resource (V2G) and modeled incentives and electricity sales revenue to enhance operational flexibility. • Demonstrated that storage–EV coordination markedly improves PV utilization and overall performance: PV utilization reaches 99.51% (vs. 93.69% without storage and 91.90% without EV coordination), with lower system NPC, higher revenue, and reduced CO2 emissions. • Sensitivity analyses show electricity prices and EV demand levels dominate planning outcomes; excessive EV load or inappropriate pricing undermines storage effectiveness and worsens economic and carbon benefits.
Keywords:
multi-energy complementary modular energy supply system
low-carbon energy supply
energy storage configuration
EV scheduling
sensitivity analysis
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