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Optimizing spatial patterns in Malaysia based on ecosystem service dynamics
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DOI：10.1080/10807039.2026.2643310.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Malaysia’s rapid economic development and accelerated urbanization have led to a significant degradation of ecosystem services. This article systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of carbon storage, habitat quality, and water yield in Malaysia. Using a Bayesian network model, it explores the tradeoffs among these services and their driving mechanisms, and superimposes three pairs of tradeoff relationships to identify ecological restoration zones. Results show (1) The carbon storage and habitat quality in Malaysia were declining, while the water yield was increasing. (2) The tradeoff relationships among ecosystem services were predominantly characterized by tradeoff attenuation, but sampling points exhibiting tradeoff enhancement still exceeded 30%. (3) The priority ecological restoration area in West Malaysia is 10590.4 km2, concentrated in the coastal areas of Perak and Terengganu. In East Malaysia, it is 10502.3 km2, distributed in central Sarawak. This study provides a reliable reference for promoting regional sustainable development in Malaysia and helps to achieve the synergistic advancement of ecosystem service enhancement and environmental protection goals.
Keywords:
Ecosystem services
tradeoff analysis
Bayesian network
spatial optimization
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