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Parametric analysis and optimization of zero-net-mass-flux jet flow control for reducing aerodynamic drag of a blunt-shaped subway train
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DOI：10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106583.png)
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Abstract
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The increased speed of next generation subway trains brings with it a higher demand for drag reduction. The present study investigates the application of zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jets for aerodynamic drag reduction on blunt-nosed subway trains. Parametric analyses are conducted on three key control parameters: jet frequency, amplitude, and orientation angle using the Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method. The aerodynamic performance across different jet configurations is systematically evaluated through time-averaged and transient force coefficients, wall shear stress, and wake structure analysis. Results of single parameter analysis show that low-frequency, low-amplitude jets effectively suppress tail flow separation, thereby reducing pressure drag. In contrast, moderate-frequency and high-amplitude jets introduce excessive disturbances, increasing both drag and unsteadiness. Jet orientation proves critical for wake stabilization; tangential jets (θ = 15°) achieve the most significant drag reduction by optimally aligning with separated flow. A Kriging-based surrogate model is constructed using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), subsequently optimized over 1000 design points. The optimal jet configuration achieves a 26.2% reduction in pressure drag and 16.5% reduction in total aerodynamic drag compared to the baseline. The findings demonstrate that properly tuned ZNMF jets offer a promising active control strategy for aerodynamic drag reduction in high-speed rail applications.
Keywords:
Zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jet
Subway train
Aerodynamic drag reduction
Active control
Optimization
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