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Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Richardson finite difference extrapolation on nonlinear radiated stenosis artery filled with ternary nanoparticles
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DOI：10.1080/02286203.2026.2680219.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
A plaque-like narrowing known as stenosis develops due to the accumulation of cholesterol, lipids, and other substances within arterial walls, restricting blood flow and oxygen and nutrient supply to vital organs. Understanding blood transport properties in stenosed arteries is therefore important for biomedical applications. In this study, nanoparticles such as gold (Au), copper (Cu), copper oxide (CuO), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), graphene, and silver (Ag) are considered due to their effectiveness in drug delivery, wound healing, tissue regeneration, and therapeutic treatments, with blood as base fluid. The numerical investigation examines blood-based ternary hybrid nanofluid flow through cosine stenosis arteries under the effects of nonlinear radiation, variable heat source/sink, and aligned magnetic fields. Two ternary nanoparticle combinations Au + CuO + Graphene and Ag + Cu + ZrO2 are analyzed. The study employs the Richardson Finite Difference Extrapolation Technique and ANFIS-PSO modelling in MATLAB to evaluate heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics.
Keywords:
Stenosis artery
ternary hybrid nanofluid
non-linear radiation
MHD
heat source/sink
ANFIS-PSO
Richardson finite difference extrapolation technique
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