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Phase-Locked Loop design applied to frequency-modulated atomic force microscope
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DOI：10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.12.018.png)
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Abstract
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The atomic force microscope (AFM) introduced the surface investigation with true atomic resolution. In the frequency modulation technique (FM-AFM) both the amplitude and the frequency of oscillation of the micro-cantilever must be kept constant even in the presence of tip-surface interaction forces. For that reason, the proper design of the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) used in FM-AFM is vital to system performance. Here, the mathematical model of the FM-AFM control system is derived considering high order PLL In addition a method to design stable third-order Phase-Locked Loops is presented. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy
Phase-Locked Loops
Nonlinear dynamics
Mathematical model
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