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Phased Array Calibration Based on Fast Rotating-Element Harmonic Electric-Field Vector
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DOI：10.1109/TMTT.2025.3645081.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Calibration is essential to ensure the optimal performance of phased arrays, as amplitude and phase mismatches degrade radiation characteristics. While amplitude-only calibration methods are attractive when direct phase measurements are infeasible, traditional techniques often suffer from high measurement overhead. This article proposes a fast rotating-element harmonic electric-field vector (fast REHV) calibration method, which achieves calibration with minimal measurements and lowest-resolution (e.g., 1-bit) phase shifters. This method applies periodic modulation to the phase shifters of both the reference and test channels at the same frequency, with the test channel’s modulation sequence delayed by a quarter of the period relative to the reference channel. This time delay induces precise phase shifts at harmonic frequencies, where the +1, +2, and +4 harmonics generated by the reference channel exhibit relative phase shifts of 90°, 180°, and 0°, respectively, compared to the test channel. Therefore, phase calibration between these two channels can be completed solely by measuring these harmonics’ amplitude only once, while amplitude ratios are determined using different modulation frequencies. Since phase shifts are generated through time delays rather than direct phase adjustments, the method is inherently robust to phase shifter errors. Moreover, by utilizing only the harmonic components produced by modulated elements, the calibration accuracy remains stable regardless of array size, making it well-suited for large-scale phased arrays. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the fast REHV method, with harmonic phase errors below 0.57°, over-the-air (OTA) phase errors within 2°, and amplitude errors within 0.44 dB, along with notable improvements in main lobe gain and sidelobe suppression.
Keywords:
Phased array calibration
rotating-element harmonic electric-field vector
time modulation
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4.5
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