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Physics and complexity
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DOI：10.1098/rsta.2009.0208.png)
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Abstract
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This paper is concerned with complex macroscopic behaviour arising in many-body systems through the combinations of competitive interactions and disorder, even with simple ingredients at the microscopic level. It attempts to indicate and illustrate the richness that has arisen, in conceptual understanding, in methodology and in application, across a large range of scientific disciplines, together with a hint of some of the further opportunities that remain to be tapped. In doing so, it takes the perspective of physics and tries to show, albeit rather briefly, how physics has contributed and been stimulated.
Keywords:
complex systems
spin glasses
NP-completeness
hard optimization
econophysics
neural networks
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