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PLB-Based Acoustic Emission Damage Index for Quantifying Barely Visible Impact Damage in Aluminum-Lined CFRP Laminates with Nonlinear Ultrasonics
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DOI：10.1007/s10921-026-01411-0.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Barely visible impact damage (BVID) in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates is difficult to assess reliably using a single nondestructive testing (NDT) technique. Therefore, this study proposes an in situ measurement strategy that combines pencil lead break acoustic emission (PLB-AE) with nonlinear ultrasonics to quantitatively assess impact damage in aluminum-lined CFRP laminates. Low-velocity impact tests were conducted at energies of 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 J to induce BVID of different severity. After verifying waveform consistency using the skewness and kurtosis of the PLB-AE signals before and after impact, the damage index (DI) was developed using Mahalanobis distance (MD) based on PLB-AE characteristics (amplitude, energy, count, and rise time amplitude (RA)). The DI derived from PLB-AE characteristics can be correlated with damage and used to identify the transition in damage mode. Likewise, the acoustic nonlinearity coefficient obtained from nonlinear ultrasonic testing (NLUT) shows higher sensitivity to impact damage and reflects changes in damage modes. A pronounced shift in the trends of both the DI and the nonlinearity coefficient occurs around 30 J, indicating that a transition in damage mechanisms takes place near this impact energy in the tested laminated structures. The proposed PLB-NLUT method provides a reliable and practical strategy for evaluating BVID in composite structures.
Keywords:
PLB-AE
Nonlinear Ultrasonics
Aluminum-lined CFRP laminates
Barely visible impact damage (BVID)
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