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Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30-mediated amorphization of stingless bee propolis to enhance the solubility of bioactive mangostins
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DOI：10.1080/20415990.2026.2639950.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Aim This study aimed to improve the aqueous solubility of stingless bee propolis, which is limited by its lipophilic nature, by developing solid dispersions with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) as a hydrophilic carrier and to identify the optimal formulation ratio to enhance the solubility of its bioactive constituents. Methods Propolis solid dispersions (PSDs) were prepared using the solvent evaporation method at propolis extract to PVP K30 ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The solubility of the key bioactive compounds, gamma-mangostin and alpha-mangostin, was quantified using HPLC. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were employed to elucidate molecular interactions and crystallinity changes within the formulations. Results The optimized PSD (1:3) significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced the aqueous solubility of gamma-mangostin and alpha-mangostin by 1.3- and 2.5-fold, respectively, compared with the unmodified extract. FT-IR spectra revealed hydrogen bonding between PVP carbonyl groups and the phenolic hydroxyl groups of the extract, while XRD confirmed the amorphous transformation of the propolis within the polymeric matrix. Conclusion PVP K30-mediated solid dispersion transformed crystalline propolis extract into an amorphous form, effectively enhancing mangostin solubility and dissolution behavior, offering a promising strategy to improve the pharmaceutical applicability and formulation potential of stingless bee propolis.
Keywords:
Propolis
solid dispersion
PVP K30
gamma-mangostin
alpha-mangostin
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