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Porosity-Permeability Evolution of Carbonate Rocks Under Cyclic Hydrostatic Loading: Creep-Fatigue Interaction and Implications for Hydrogen Storage
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DOI：10.1029/2025JB033646.png)
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Abstract
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Underground hydrogen storage in porous formations (UHSP) subjects reservoir rocks to long-term cyclic effective stress variations, potentially altering storage capacity and injectivity. In this study, we conduct hydrostatic loading tests on 18 Saint-Maximin limestone (SML) samples (connected porosity 31.9%-37.2%) under various loading paths, complemented by measurements of permeability and acoustic wave velocities. A specific creep-fatigue interaction test, combining stabilized creep and subsequent cyclic loading at identical peak stress, is conducted to distinguish cycle-dependent ratcheting deformation from time-dependent creep. Experimental results reveal that cyclic behavior of SML is governed by a dual stress-threshold mechanism. The peak stress ratio governs initiation and evolution of damage, while the valley stress ratio describes the reopening of generated fractures during unloading. > 1 leads to enhanced creep and onset of ratcheting deformation and < 1 induces 1.2% additional porosity reduction within 50 cycles after creep stabilization. Across all loading paths, porosity change serves as a robust metric for mechanical hardening and permeability evolution within the experimental range of up to a 12.8% reduction in porosity and an order-of-magnitude decrease in permeability. These findings establish a reference testing approach for quantitatively partitioning different deformation mechanisms, providing an essential basis for more reliable predictions of long-term UHSP performance.
Keywords:
hydrogen storage
carbonate rock
pore collapse
creep
cyclic behavior
permeability
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