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Potentially toxic elements in surface water of Holy Kali Bein, Punjab, India: insights from human health risk and multivariate statistical techniques
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DOI：10.1080/15569543.2025.2592704.png)
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Abstract
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Background and aimWater pollution has become a global environmental problem, especially due to rise in toxicity of heavy metals even at low concentrations. Contaminated drinking water poses a significant threat to public health and this investigation was carried out on the Holy Kali Bein River in Punjab, India, to evaluate the contamination of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in surface water. This study describes the health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface water of the River Holy Kali Bein by measuring the concentrations of 10 PTEs, applying correlation and principal component analysis to identify pollution sources, and evaluating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks through chronic daily intake (CDI), and hazard quotient (HQ).Key findingsThe results showed that only 4 PTEs, such as chromium (Cr) BDL-0.157 mg/L, iron (Fe), 0.485-1.563 mg/L, manganese (Mn) BDL-0.264 mg/L and zinc (Zn) 0.218-0.744 mg/L were detected from water samples. Egenvalues 2.33 (PC1) and 1.05 (PC2) were extracted accounting for 82.57% of the total variance. Results showed the highest CDI value of 0.120 mg/kg-day for iron and HQ value of 0.1911 for Cr via dermal pathway in children indicating that residential receptors may be at risk for non-cancer from these elements.ConclusionsOverall, the findings demonstrate that continuous exposure to heavy metals in rivulet Holy Kali Bein may pose significant health threats to local communities. This study will encourage the appropriate authorities and policymakers to recognize the areas that pose the most risk and to take professional measures to protect both human health and the ecosystem as a whole.
Keywords:
Environmental pollution
river monitoring
surface water contamination
heavy metals
carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk
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