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Practical elements to consider when emulating a target trial
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DOI：10.1016/j.jclinepi.2026.112205.png)
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Abstract
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• When carefully designed and analyzed, target trial emulation can provide causal inference of the effect of pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions that is, on average, similar to those of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). • Differences in the results from RCTs and their emulations may come from risk of bias management in RCTs or their emulations, the inability to perfectly replicate RCTs, or differences in terms of population, interventions and estimands evaluated, even though the emulation seems “perfect”. • This article provides 11 practical elements to consider when emulating a target trial, to avoid known mistakes and augment credibility of results.
Keywords:
target trial emulation
causal inference
randomized controlled trials
risk of bias
practical elements
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