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Preventive effects and underlying mechanisms of Ilex rotunda Thunb.-Cyperus rotundus L. herb pair extract on avian colibacillosis in chickens
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DOI：10.1016/j.psj.2026.107259.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major bottleneck limiting the sustainable development of global animal husbandry. Avian colibacillosis, caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), incurs severe economic losses in the poultry industry due to its high pathogenicity, multidrug resistance, and potential zoonotic risk. This study aimed to clarify the material basis of the Ilex rotunda Thunb.-Cyperus rotundus L. herb pair and its preventive mechanisms against avian colibacillosis in chickens. Volatile oil from C. rotundus and water-soluble components of the herb pair were co-extracted via steam distillation combined with water extraction, and compounds were identified using GC-TQMS and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. An avian colibacillosis model was established with the multidrug-resistant APEC strain E-37 (ST350), and eight experimental groups were set to evaluate the extract’s effects on chick growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, hepatic injury, bacteremia, and intestinal microbiota. Results showed that 93 bioactive compounds were identified in the herb pair extract (CIRC), with cyperotundone, α-cyperone, caffeic acid, and oleanolic acid as core components. Prophylactic administration of CIRC significantly reduced chick mortality (30%∼45% vs. 60% in the model group), regulated immune organ indices (decreased spleen index, increased thymus and bursa of Fabricius indices), inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and elevated serum IgM/IgY levels. Additionally, CIRC decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, downregulated hepatic transaminase levels, alleviated liver damage, reduced blood bacterial load (3.75×10² vs. 2.82×10³ CFU/mL), lowered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bioactivity and procalcitonin (PCT) levels, increased the abundance of probiotics (Firmicutes, Bacteroides), reduced pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella), and restored intestinal microbiota diversity. This study confirms that CIRC prevents avian colibacillosis through immune regulation, antioxidation, bacteremia inhibition, and intestinal microbiota remodeling, providing experimental evidence for developing green veterinary drugs as antibiotic alternatives.
Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)
Ilex rotunda Thunb.
Cyperus rotundus L.
Herb pair extract
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