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Progress in rare earth thermocatalysis: A 2025 annual review
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DOI：10.1016/j.jre.2026.08.005.png)
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Abstract
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Rare earth elements have become indispensable in heterogeneous thermal catalysis due to their unique 4f electronic structures, reversible redox properties, and strong chemical affinity. This review summarizes 2025 advances in rare earth-based thermal catalysis for hydrogen production, dehydrogenation, CO2 hydrogenation, and biomass conversion, and distills four general structure-activity principles: vacancies as active sites, spillover as a field-expanding driver, electronic modulation for performance tuning, and interfacial engineering for stability. Rare earth oxides inhibit metal sintering via strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), generate abundant oxygen vacancies (Ov) through lattice distortion to promote adsorption and hydrogen spillover, and fine-tune surface acid-base properties to improve metal dispersion and interfacial electronic structure. As a result, rare earth-modified catalysts exhibit superior activity, selectivity, and long-term stability in methanol reforming (MSR), water-gas shift (WGS), ammonia decomposition, propane dehydrogenation (PDH), CO2 hydrogenation, and biomass valorization. Future work should focus on synergistic mechanisms in multi-rare earth systems, dynamic structural evolution under reaction conditions, and durability under industrial-scale operation. Rational electronic structure engineering will unlock the full potential of rare earths as “catalyst vitamins,” providing a solid foundation for next-generation low-carbon catalytic technologies.
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