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Prolonged exposure to atrazine through drinking water facilitates splenic apoptosis and induces exhaustion-like checkpoint upregulation in mice
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DOI：10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120651.png)
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Abstract
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• ATR induces spleen pathological lesions, disrupting structure and immune function. • ATR disrupts immune homeostasis, altering peripheral blood and inflammatory factor levels. • Long-term ATR exposure promotes splenocyte apoptosis and induces exhaustion-like checkpoint upregulation in splenic T cells. • ATR exposure via drinking water mediates spleen immune damage via multi-pathway activation.
Keywords:
Atrazine
Spleen
Immune exhaustion-like state
Apoptosis
RIG-I/MAVS signaling
Immunotoxicity
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