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Pyrometallurgical and Electrochemical Routes for Synthesis and Refining of Metallic Vanadium
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DOI：10.1080/15422119.2025.2588165.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Vanadium, a critical refractory metal, is essential in advanced industries due to its exceptional mechanical properties. However, synthesizing high-purity vanadium remains a challenge, with the conventional aluminothermic reduction-electron beam melting technique dominating industrial productions despite its high energy consumption and suboptimal recovery rates with > 20% vanadium loss. This review systematically evaluates the calciothermic, aluminothermic, and magnesiothermic reduction mainstream synthesis methods and the molten salt electrolysis, iodide decomposition, and solid-state electrotransport refining techniques. Thermodynamic principles, process pathways, and impurity control mechanisms are elucidated, highlighting the trade-offs between purity (up to 99.999%), energy efficiency, and scalability. While the aluminothermic reduction technique combined with the electron beam melting remain the sole large-scale industrial process, emerging electrochemical approaches and molten salt-assisted reductions show promise for sustainable production. Key challenges include minimizing equipment contamination, enhancing recovery rates, and reducing capital costs. This paper also provides recommendations to accelerate the transition toward sustainable, high-recovery vanadium production for next-generation applications.
Keywords:
Vanadium metallurgy
high-purity refining
thermochemical reduction
molten salt electrolysis
technological process
Journal
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5.6
Papers:
336
Citations:
1.6K
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