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Quantum effects on Penrose energy extraction and black hole thermodynamics
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DOI：10.1016/j.dark.2026.102363.png)
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Abstract
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This study investigates the energetic processes, thermodynamic behavior, and quasi-periodic oscillations associated with a quantum-corrected Kerr black hole (BH). A modified space-time geometry is introduced through the parameter β, which incorporates the BH mass M and the non-free parameter α arising from the loop quantum gravity (LQG) framework. The analysis includes determining key static surfaces, such as the event horizon and static limit, and their dependence on the quantum-correction parameter. Examining the Penrose process in this modified geometry shows that quantum corrections modify the efficiency of energy extraction, without imposing a strict bound within the perturbative regime. The efficiency of photons emitted by rotating particles in the ergo-region is found to satisfy ϵ < 0.5, indicating a generally lower energy extraction efficiency compared to the classical Kerr BH. The corresponding deceleration of BH rotation and the response of massive particles involved in the process are analyzed for both classical and quantum-corrected cases. A thermodynamic investigation further reveals the presence of notable phase transitions induced by quantum corrections. Additionally, Keplerian and fundamental oscillatory frequencies are tested, highlighting qualitative differences from the classical Kerr model, and these findings demonstrate that quantum corrections significantly influence the dynamical, thermodynamic, and oscillatory characteristics of rotating BHs.
Keywords:
Penrose process
Energy extraction
Energy efficiency
Keplerian fundamental frequencies
Irreducible mass
Extractable energy
BH deceleration
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