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Quantum network coding against pollution attacks based on quantum state sharing
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DOI：10.1140/epjqt/s40507-026-00539-2.png)
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Abstract
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Quantum network coding (QNC) can encode and decode quantum information, thereby improving the communication efficiency. However, it is vulnerable to pollution attacks, which will lead to invalid transmission throughout the quantum network. Inspired by the idea of quantum state sharing (QSTS), we introduce QSTS into QNC for the first time to address security issues such as pollution attacks. Subsequently, a novel QNC scheme against pollution attacks based on QSTS is proposed in the paper. In the scheme, the first intermediate node encodes quantum states and performs the first round of sharing. Meanwhile, it conducts an XOR operation on the classical information. The second intermediate node encodes quantum states and performs the second round of sharing. Meanwhile, it duplicates the classical information. Different from the first one, it needs to distribute the quantum state to two receivers by means of quantum teleportation, measurement by using the designed basis, and unitary operations. Finally, the receiver performs the third round of sharing on the quantum state, then verifies the existence of pollution attacks by comparing the quantum information with the classical information. Through performance analysis, the proposed scheme can realize that receivers can receive the quantum state from senders with the fidelity of 1 and the success probability of 1 simultaneously. In addition, we also apply the scheme to the extended butterfly network, which demonstrates superior extensibility and practicability.
Keywords:
Quantum computing
Quantum network coding
Quantum state sharing
The butterfly network
Pollution attacks
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