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Radial hydraulic regulation and azimuthal heterogeneity of sap flow in Populus tomentosa: Implications for whole-tree transpiration estimation
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DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111371.png)
Abstract
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• Radial sap flow regulation differs strongly between water-sufficient and water-limited stands. • Water-limited trees showed inner-layer sap flow restrictions and greater radial differences. • Azimuthal sap flow showed a weak North–South contrast but was dominated by tree-to-tree variation. • Sampling three orientations reduces transpiration estimation-error from 21.6% to 7.0%. • Accurate upscaling requires multi-depth probes and sampling more trees to capture variability.
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