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Rayleigh Signature Spectral Stitching for Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Based on Coherent Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry
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DOI：10.1109/jlt.2026.3702251.png)
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Abstract
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We demonstrate an interrogation technique for distributed fiber-optic sensors based on Rayleigh backscattering that bridges the gap between high-sensitivity dynamic vibration sensing and wide-range static monitoring of strain or temperature. The technique builds on our previous development of a method to measure the so-called Rayleigh signature (RS) in coherent optical time-domain reflectometry (C-OTDR) setups. While this approach enables high-resolution, long-range measurements of high-frequency vibrations, in practice the retrieved RS is band-limited by the probe waveform bandwidth, which constrains the measurable strain/temperature excursion. In this work, we propose a spectral stitching method that reconstructs a broadband RS reference map by combining multiple band-limited RS measurements acquired during an initial calibration stage at different probe center frequencies. Neighboring RS segments are aligned using their spectral overlap and stitched into a single broadband reference. After this one-time calibration, dynamic sensing can proceed at a fixed probe wavelength: each measured RS is matched to the spectrally stitched reference to estimate the induced frequency shift. We experimentally demonstrate the method in a pulse-compression C-OTDR system over 25 km with 1 m spatial resolution, reconstructing a 30 GHz stitched reference RS that supports large temperature/strain excursions and enables measurements acquired days after calibration. We further demonstrate long-term dynamic strain sensing with fast 757.57 Hz vibrations superimposed on slow environmental drift, achieving a strain sensitivity of 0.8 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{n}\varepsilon /\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and highlighting the robustness of the proposed absolute-referencing approach compared with continuously updated reference schemes.
Keywords:
Distributed acoustic sensors
distributed vibration sensor
Rayleigh scattering
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