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Reframing Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
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Abstract
En 中文
The clinical understanding of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has shifted. Rather than a behavioral disorder, ADHD is now recognized as a whole-person systemic condition within the neurodiversity paradigm. Emerging research indicates involvement of multiple body systems, including the gut-brain axis, connective-tissue integrity, and sleep cycles. This broader biological view supports a multidisciplinary treatment approach, spurring increased interest in new nonstimulant alternatives, digital therapeutics, and artificial intelligence-assisted titration, which can personalize care and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacists are ideally suited to optimizing modern ADHD-management strategies and recommending pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, with responsibilities including counseling patients and managing chronic medication shortages. The combination of systemic biological insights with personalized support informs pharmacists' central role in reducing stigma and improving long-term patient outcomes.