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Regression-Aware Continual Learning for Android Malware Detection
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DOI：10.1109/tifs.2026.3714132.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Malware evolves rapidly, forcing machine learning-based detectors to be continuously updated. With antivirus vendors processing hundreds of thousands of new samples daily, datasets can grow to billions of examples, making full retraining impractical. Continual learning (CL) has emerged as a scalable alternative, enabling incremental updates without full data access while mitigating catastrophic forgetting. In this work, we analyze a critical yet overlooked issue in this context: security regression. Unlike forgetting, which manifests as a drop in average performance on previously seen data, security regression captures harmful sample-level prediction changes, e.g., malware samples that were correctly detected before an update but evade detection afterward. This poses serious risks in security-critical applications, as the silent reintroduction of previously detected threats may undermine users’ trust in the update process, leading them to perceive a regression in security even if the average model performance has actually improved. We first formalize and quantify security regression in CL-based malware detectors, revealing that up to 3-6% of malware experience it after model updates. We then address this issue by introducing a regression-aware framework to the CL setting. Specifically, we instantiate it via Positive Congruent Training (PCT), showing seamless integration with any prior CL strategy. Experiments on the ELSA, Tesseract, and AZ-Class datasets show that our method effectively halves regression across different CL scenarios while maintaining strong detection performance over time.
Keywords:
Android malware
continual learning
negative flips
regression testing
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COMPUTERS & SECURITY
COMPUTERS & SECURITYIF5.4
PREAI
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