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Regular black holes surrounded by quintessence and a cloud of strings: Bounds on the related parameters from astrophysical tests
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DOI：10.1016/j.aop.2026.170611.png)
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Abstract
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In this paper, we investigate the classical tests of General Relativity (GR) applied to two regular black holes, namely, Bardeen and Hayward black holes, both surrounded by a cloud of strings and quintessence. These tests include Mercury’s perihelion precession, light deflection, Shapiro time delay, and gravitational redshift. Using the data concerning these phenomena, we constrain the order of magnitude of space–time parameters, namely, a and α , which are related to the intensity of the cloud of stings and quintessence, respectively, and l and q , which are associated to the Hayward and Bardeen black holes, respectively. From the analysis performed, the following conclusions arise: 10−10≤a≤10−4 , 10−21m−1≤α≤10−12m−1 , 109m≤l≤1013m and 106m≤q≤109m .
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