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Relationship between hearing loss, cognitive impairment, and dementia; meta-analysis of cohort studies in which the exposure factor is hearing loss measured by audiometry
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DOI：10.1016/j.amjoto.2026.104799.png)
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Abstract
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Introduction-objectives: There is a probable relationship between hearing loss and cognitive decline and dementia: patients with hearing loss appear to develop cognitive difficulties earlier and more frequently. However, the relationship is not completely clear. A meta-analysis of high-quality studies is needed to clarify the nature of this relationship. Materials and methods: Meta-analysis of cohort studies in which the exposure factor is hearing loss, necessarily measured with pure-tone audiometry, and the outcome is the progression of cognitive decline measured with validated scales or the onset of dementia. The inclusion period for the studies was 2019-2023. Results: Of the 5349 articles identified, 11 cohort studies were included in the systematic review; and 8 in the meta-analysis. In those where the outcome was dementia (expressed as Hazard Ratio [HR]), a statistically significant relationship was found, with an HR of 1.32 (1.30-1.34), with low heterogeneity and a low risk of publication bias. In those where the outcome was expressed as linear regression (beta), no statistically significant results were found. Conclusions: There appears to be a relationship between hearing loss and cognitive impairment/dementia. Other forms of hearing loss (such as central hearing loss) need to be evaluated to fully assess the effect and implications of this relationship.
Keywords:
Hearing loss
Audiometry
Cognitive impairment
Dementia
Cohort study
meta-analysis
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