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Remote Estimations of Total Alkalinity and Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Yellow and East China Seas Using Machine Learning Approach
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DOI：10.1029/2025JC022708.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The sea surface total alkalinity (AT) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) are two essential carbonate variables to understand the marine carbon cycle, yet it has been a big challenge to retrieve AT and CT from space for the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS) owing to they are affected coupling by physical and biogeochemical processes and the heterogeneous coastal environments. To address these challenges, we developed multilayer perceptron neural network (MPNN)-based AT and CT models with the field measured environmental variables as the model predictors, and obtained a root mean square difference (RMSD) of 27.05 μmol/kg and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.91 for AT (N = 1,520) and a RMSD was 28.31 μmol/kg and R2 was 0.88 for CT (N = 513). Further, the MPNN-based model showed much promise in remotely retrieving surface AT and CT with the spatial resolution of ∼1 km in the YECS with a RMSD of 26.59 μmol/kg, R2 of 0.76 for AT and a RMSD of 37.14 μmol/kg, R2 of 0.79 for CT. Applying the MPNN-based model to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products, retrieved the monthly distributions of AT and CT over the past 20 years for the first time, demonstrated strong linkages to water masses circulations, upwelling and biological processes with seasonal cycles. Also, the interannual variations of AT and CT had significant relationships with the environmental proxies, as well as climate indices (North Pacific Gyre Oscillation). This work advances understanding of coastal carbon cycling and offers a valuable tool for large-scale, high spatial-temporal resolution monitoring of carbon dynamics.
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