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Reuse limit state: A multi-factor framework for circular steel construction: Foundational concepts and research needs
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DOI：10.1016/j.jcsr.2026.110471.png)
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Abstract
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• Reuse Limit State: Framework predicts reusable steel strength via explicit resistance factors. • Resistance Factors: Cover cycles, material, corrosion/fatigue, load change, extreme events. • Design Examples: Worked examples show 70–85% remaining strength after two reuse cycles. • Mixed Reuse: Protocol for combining steel members with different service histories. • Research Roadmap: Key gaps outlined to calibrate factors for codified reuse design provisions.
Keywords:
Circular economy
Steel structures
Direct reuse
Reuse limit state
Design framework
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