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Revealing the Molecular Interactions between Lignin and Carbohydrates towards Improved Lignocellulose Utilization
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DOI：10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.102070.png)
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Abstract
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Amid growing concerns about dwindling fossil fuel reserves, the development and utilization of sustainable resources have emerged as urgent global priorities. Lignocellulosic biomass, primarily composed of lignin and carbohydrates, holds great promise as a renewable feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals, fuels, and materials, thereby reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. However, extensive lignin-carbohydrate interactions (LCIs) significantly contribute to the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass, obstructing its efficient fractionation and conversion. Understanding these interactions is critical to comprehensively grasping the mechanisms of intrinsic recalcitrance and formulating strategies to overcome it. In this review, we present an in-depth overview of LCIs, emphasizing the importance of elucidating these interactions to enhance lignocellulose utilization. Unlike previous reviews, we explore both lignin-carbohydrate covalent interactions (LCCIs)—including benzyl ether (BE), γ-ester (GE), and phenyl glycoside (PG) linkages—and lignin-carbohydrate non-covalent interactions (LCNCIs), such as those interactions between lignin and cellulose, as well as lignin and hemicellulose. In addition, we discuss methods for modulating both LCNCIs and LCCIs to improve lignocellulose utilization. Lastly, this review identifies existing challenges and future opportunities in uncovering LCIs, aiming to guide research towards a more comprehensive understanding of the LCI network. Our goal is to unleash the full potential of lignocellulosic biomass across diverse fields, while promoting efficient, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable applications. We hope to catalyze deeper scientific engagement with LCIs and inspire innovative strategies for the optimal utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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