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Review: recent advances in green chemical synthesis of metallic nanoparticles for antibacterial applications—structure–property relationships and mechanistic insights
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DOI：10.1007/s10853-026-13477-2.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and persistent biofilm-associated infections has emphasized the demand for alternative antimicrobial strategies over conventional antibiotics, which face inappropriate and inconsistent intake. Unlike conventional antibiotics, copper, silver, and their bimetallic CuAg nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial effects through multiple mechanisms such as direct membrane contact killing, metal ion release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through photodynamic and photocatalysis processes. This review discusses the correlation of antibacterial performance with key factors—including particle size and shape, surface modification, and composite structure—highlighting that bimetallic CuAg NPs exhibit a synergistic effect of chemical stability, charge transfer efficiency, and antibacterial effect. Besides, this review also provides a comprehensive comparison of synthesis strategies for Cu, Ag, and CuAg NPs. Despite biological synthesis approaches being more eco-friendly and enhancing phytochemical properties, they often led to inconsistent particle characteristics and limited reproducibility as compared to green chemical reduction approaches. Overall, this review provides an overview of a synthesis-oriented framework linking structural engineering, mechanistic pathways and scalable synthesis strategies emphasizing the need for standardized synthesis parameters and comprehensive safety assessment for real-world application.
Journal
IF:
3.9
Papers:
3.2W
Citations:
7.2W
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Cited Papers