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Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior
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DOI：10.1038/s41467-026-73262-2.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The neurobiological accompaniments of well-established sex differences in human behavior and disease remain unclear — in part due to a lack of large, diverse functional neuroimaging studies. We address this gap using over 700 h of fMRI data across seven tasks from 978 individuals with extensive structural and behavioral measures. We find that sex differences in task-activation are widespread (85% of cortex) and reproducible, largely task-specific, of small to moderate effect size, and unaligned with brain volume differences. While machine learning can classify sex from brain activation, volume, or behavior, these data types provide orthogonal information. Brain-wide association studies reveal that links between brain activation and behavior are highly conserved between sexes. The few subtle sex differences in brain-behavior linkage that do exist are not preferentially localized to sex-biased behaviors. Our findings clarify the nature of sex differences in human brain function and their links with neuroanatomy and behavior, providing a useful foundation for future research. Although robust sex differences exist in human brain function, anatomy, and behavior, these traits are largely independent. A sex-typical brain function does not necessarily translate to sex-typical brain structure or behavior.
Keywords:
sex differences
brain function
neuroimaging
machine learning
brain-behavior links
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