Robust watermarking for diffusion models using error-correcting codes and post-quantum key encapsulation

Xianglei Hu

doi:10.3389/fphy.2025.1750515

Robust watermarking for diffusion models using error-correcting codes and post-quantum key encapsulation

2026-01-20

0

PRE

AI

DOI：10.3389/fphy.2025.1750515

Original

Original request for help

Save

Abstract

En 中文

Critical infrastructures increasingly rely on AI-generated content (AIGC) for monitoring, decision support, and autonomous control. This dependence creates new attack surfaces: forged maintenance imagery, manipulated diagnostic scans, or spoofed sensor visualisations can trigger unsafe actions, regulatory violations, or systemic disruption. This paper proposes a post-quantum watermarking framework designed for critical infrastructure security. We embed robust provenance markers directly into the latent space of diffusion models, rather than at the pixel level, and reinforce them using error-correcting codes (ECC) to ensure watermark recoverability even after aggressive distortions such as compression, cropping, noise injection, and filtering. To secure watermark keys in transit and at rest, we integrate Kyber, a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism standardised for post-quantum cryptography, to protect the watermark stream key against quantum-enabled interception. The resulting scheme (i) preserves visual fidelity, (ii) supports reliable forensic attribution and auditability under hostile conditions, and (iii) remains cryptographically secure in the post-quantum era. Experiments show that the proposed ECC-hardened latent watermarking achieves consistently high extraction accuracy across diverse attacks while maintaining image quality, outperforming state-of-the-art diffusion watermarking baselines. We position this watermarking-encryption pipeline as an enabling mechanism for privacy-aware traceability, zero-trust validation, and quantum-resilient content governance in next-generation critical infrastructure.

Keywords:

critical infrastructure security

diffusion model

diffusion models

error-correcting codes

infrastructure resilience

kyber

post-quantum cryptography

privacy and provenance

Robust watermarking for diffusion models using error-correcting codes and post-quantum key encapsulation

Abstract

Journal

Organization

Cited Papers