Round-Trip Time Estimation Using Enhanced Regularized Extreme Learning Machine

Hassan Rizky Putra Sailellah

doi:10.3390/network6010010

Round-Trip Time Estimation Using Enhanced Regularized Extreme Learning Machine

2026-01-29

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Hassan Rizky Putra Sailellah *

DOI：10.3390/network6010010

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Reliable Internet connectivity is essential for latency-sensitive services such as video conferencing, media streaming, and online gaming. Round-trip time (RTT) is a key indicator of network performance and is central to setting retransmission timeout (RTO); inaccurate RTT estimates may trigger unnecessary retransmissions or slow loss recovery. This paper proposes an Enhanced Regularized Extreme Learning Machine (RELM) for RTT estimation that improves generalization and efficiency by interleaving a bidirectional log-step heuristic to select the regularization constant C. Unlike manual tuning or fixed-range grid search, the proposed heuristic explores C on a logarithmic scale in both directions (& times;10 and /10) within a single loop and terminates using a tolerance-patience criterion, reducing redundant evaluations without requiring predefined bounds. A custom RTT dataset is generated using Mininet with a dumbbell topology under controlled delay injections (1-1000 ms), yielding 1000 supervised samples derived from 100,000 raw RTT measurements. Experiments follow a strict train/validation/test split (6:1:3) with training-only standardization/normalization and validation-only hyperparameter selection. On the controlled Mininet dataset, the best configuration (ReLU, 150 hidden neurons, C=102) achieves R2=0.9999, MAPE=0.0018, MAE=966.04, and RMSE=1589.64 on the test set, while maintaining millisecond-level runtime. Under the same evaluation pipeline, the proposed method demonstrates competitive performance compared to common regression baselines (SVR, GAM, Decision Tree, KNN, Random Forest, GBDT, and ELM), while maintaining lower computational overhead within the controlled simulation setting. To assess practical robustness, an additional evaluation on a public real-world WiFi RSS-RTT dataset shows near-meter accuracy in LOS and mixed LOS/NLOS scenarios, while performance degrades markedly under dominant NLOS conditions, reflecting physical-channel limitations rather than model instability. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the Enhanced RELM and motivate further validation on operational networks with packet loss, jitter, and path variability.

Keywords:

network quality

round-trip time

retransmission timeout

regularized extreme learning machine

estimation

Round-Trip Time Estimation Using Enhanced Regularized Extreme Learning Machine

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