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Scalable ambient fabrication of single-junction and perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells
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DOI：10.1038/s41893-026-01916-6.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Transitioning high-efficiency perovskite solar cells from laboratory scale to industrial production requires scalable fabrication under ambient conditions without sacrificing performance or durability. Here we report ambient-air, blade-coated perovskite solar cells and modules that achieve power conversion efficiencies of 26.6% (26.5% certified) and 23.2%, respectively. These devices demonstrate exceptional stability, retaining 99.8% of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1,200 hours of continuous light soaking. This breakthrough is enabled by a hole-transporting co-polymer, PNCC, which synergistically integrates triarylamine and carbazole phosphonic acid units. Comprehensive spectroscopic, spectrometric and morphological analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying PNCC’s superior functionality. Furthermore, leveraging PNCC’s high conductivity and morphological uniformity, we demonstrate monolithic perovskite–silicon tandem cells with a certified efficiency of 33.0%. This work establishes a benchmark for ambient-processed, stable photovoltaics, providing a viable, scalable pathway towards sustainable solar energy harvesting. Practical application of perovskite solar cells requires scalable fabrication in ambient environments. Here the authors introduce PNCC, a hole-transport co-polymer that enables ambient-fabricated devices to achieve certified efficiencies of 33.0% in tandem cells and 23.2% in modules.
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