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Seismic failure mechanisms of railway embankments under variable water level conditions: Insights from transparent soil shaking table tests
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AI
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C
欧
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DOI：10.1007/s10064-026-05232-3.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Transparent soil-shaking table test method is developed to evaluate the internal seismic responses of railway embankments supported by sandy foundation. There are five water level scenarios, including two groundwater levels, surface water level, partial embankment immersed condition, and full embankment immersed condition. The seismic responses including macroscopic phenomena, settlement responses, acceleration responses and seismic velocity fields are investigated to reveal the water-dependent embankment failure mechanisms. The results show that the peak responses of velocity field occur at the interface of groundwater and dry foundation under groundwater conditions. Both surface water and elevated water conditions generate a unified embankment-foundation dynamic system with arc-shaped slip surface of foundation. But the elevated water level extends the slip surface zone of foundation unlike only concentration beneath the embankment under surface water level. Post-earthquake foundation settlements exhibit similar arc-shaped profiles and influence depths. The embankment settlement induces upward heave of surface foundation under surface water level, while the lateral spreading of surface foundation arises when toe is softened by overlying water. Interestingly, the horizontal displacement patterns of deeper foundation correspond to the slip surfaces appearing at velocity field. The water-induced stiffness reduction of embankment dictates distinct failure modes for embankment and foundation. Surface water triggers significant liquefaction of foundation and embankment settlement, and uplifted foundation buried the almost unbroken embankment. Due to different strength constraints for embankment portions, moderate overlying water condition primarily causes only erosion of immersed softened embankment with compact upper portion remaining almost undeformed. In contrast, complete immersion triggers total failure of embankment characterized as arc-shaped basal deformation and catastrophic slope landslides. Embankment and foundation under groundwater conditions exhibit only uniformly slight settlement without failure.
Keywords:
Transparent soil-shaking table test
Railway embankment
Water level
Visualized seismic evolution of foundation
Seismic failure mechanism
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