Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications

Nicholas Jäck

doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101993

Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications

2025-07-06

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DOI：10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2025.101993

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Abstract

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Sequence-defined polymers offer unparalleled structural precision, enabling tailored biological interactions, enhanced stability, and optimized function. Unlike traditional synthetic polymers, which often lack defined structures, these materials allow for precise tuning of molecular interactions to improve biomedical performance. This review surveys advancements over the past decade, covering foundational studies that elucidate sequence-function relationships - such as interactions with model lectins - as well as direct biomedical applications including nucleotide delivery, lectin and protein inhibition, antibacterial and antiviral strategies, tumor therapy, and bioimaging. The control over polymer sequences is crucial for enhancing specificity, reducing off-target effects, and improving stability in physiological environments.

Keywords:

ADC

Antibody-drug conjugate

AFL

Aspergillus fumigatus

AIE

Aggregation-induced emission

AMP

Antimicrobial peptide

COVID

Corona virus disease

CPT

Camptothecin

CRD

Carbohydrate recognition domain

CRISPR

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

G-CSF

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

DAR

Drug-to-antibody ratio

DC-SIGN

Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNS

Dansyl

DOPC

1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

DOX

Doxorubicin

DSPC

1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

EG

Ethylene glycol

EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EPR

Enhanced permeability and retention

ESKAPE

Enterococcus faecium, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter

FA

Fatty acid

FABS

Fluorescent-activated bead sorting

FRET

Förster resonance energy transfer

GCP

Guanidiniocarbonyl-pyrrole

GSH

Glutathione

GUV

Giant unilamellar vesicle

HBV

Hepatitis B virus

HIPS

Hydrazino-iso-Pictet-Spengler

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPA

Helix pomatia agglutinin

HPV

Human Papillomavirus

HSV

Herpes Simplex Virus

IEG

Iterative exponential growth

ITC

Isothermal titration calorimetry

KRAS

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog

LAF

Lipo amino fatty acid

MALDI-TOF MS

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

MHV

Murine Hepatitis Virus

MI

Maleimide

MMAE

Monomethyl auristatin E

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA

messenger ribonucleic acid

MTX

methotrexate

NES

Nuclear export signal

NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PBAE

poly(β-amino ester)

PCI

Protein-carbohydrate interaction

pDNA

plasmid Deoxyribonucleic acid

PEG

Polyethylene glycol

PLGA

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PNA

Peptide nucleic acid

PPI

Protein-protein interaction

PPII

Polyproline type II

PSAR

Polysarcosine

PT

pretubulysin

PTX

Paclitaxel

RAS

Rat Sarcoma

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SBA

Soybean agglutinin

SDS-PAGE

Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

sgRNA

single guide ribonucleic acid

siRNA

small interfering ribonucleic acid

SNR

Signal-to-noise ratio

TCPP

Meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin

m-THPC

Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)-chlorin

TME

Tumor microenvironment

TPE

Tetraphenylethene

UV

Ultraviolet

VVL

Vicia villosa lectin

Sequence-defined polymers for biomedical applications

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