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Serological differentiation between Mpox infection and vaccine-induced immunity: a mini-review
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DOI：10.3389/fimmu.2026.1870994.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In recent years; mpox has emerged as a significant global public health threat. The widespread distribution of the virus; coupled with the legacy of historical smallpox vaccination; has underscored the critical need to serologically distinguish between natural mpox infection and vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. However; the high antigenic similarity among Orthopoxvirus species leads to the production of cross-reactive antibodies; limiting the differentiation capacity of conventional serological assays. This mini-review evaluates current serological approaches aimed at discriminating between mpox infection and vaccine-induced immunity. Specifically; we analyze multiplexed immunoassays; comparative ratios based on orthologous antigens; machine learning-supported serological models; peptide-based platforms; and recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The findings of this review indicate that multiplex immunoassays; orthologous antigen ratio-based approaches; and machine learning algorithms exhibit the highest discriminatory potential for distinguishing natural mpox infection from vaccine-induced immune responses. In addition; MPXV A27L and ATI-N-CPXV antigens may be considered promising candidates for serological differentiation; although their performance requires further investigation.
Keywords:
mpox
humoral immune response
MPXV
vaccine-induced immunity
serological differentiation
viral antigens
Journal
IF:
5.9
Papers:
4.9W
Citations:
22.7W
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