Simulating fermions with a digital quantum computer

doi:10.1038/s42254-025-00914-5

Simulating fermions with a digital quantum computer

2026-02-23

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DOI：10.1038/s42254-025-00914-5

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Quantum computers are expected to become a powerful tool for studying physical quantum systems. Consequently, a number of quantum algorithms to determine the physical properties of such systems have been developed. Although qubit-based quantum computers are naturally suited to the study of spin-1/2 systems, systems containing other degrees of freedom must first be encoded into qubits. Transformations to and from fermionic degrees of freedom have long been an important tool in physics and chemistry, which is now finding another application in the simulation of fermionic systems on quantum computers based on qubits. In this Review, we discuss methods for encoding fermionic degrees of freedom into qubits. To simulate physical systems on a quantum computer, their degrees of freedom must be encoded into qubits. This Review assesses the different methods that exist to allow quantum calculation of fermionic systems.

Keywords:

Computational science

Information theory and computation

Quantum chemistry

Quantum simulation

Physics

general

Simulating fermions with a digital quantum computer

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