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Singular to multi-modal in situ characterization technologies of batteries: framework construction and failure mechanism decoding
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DOI：10.1016/j.jechem.2026.07.084.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Secondary batteries are core pillars of the energy transition and advanced terminal applications, yet their reliability is governed by the dynamic evolution and failure mechanisms of materials across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Conventional ex situ characterization provides only static snapshots and can easily miss critical transient reaction information. Rapidly developing in situ/operando characterization techniques have become indispensable for real-time observation of battery evolution under working conditions. However, systematic classification, comprehensive evaluation, and mechanism-oriented integration of these techniques remain insufficient. In this review, existing in situ/operando characterization techniques are categorized into three dimensions according to their research focuses: physical structural evolution, interfacial chemical reconstruction, and ion/electron transport kinetics. The advantages and limitations of representative techniques in each dimension are systematically clarified to highlight their roles in connecting characterization signals with battery failure-mechanism decoding and propose applicable strategies for other customized in situ testing systems. Furthermore, considering the inherent limitations of single-dimensional characterization in resolving coupled battery failure and kinetic processes, we emphasize that cross-dimensional integration enables correlated investigation of structural evolution, interfacial chemistry, and transport kinetics, thereby providing a more comprehensive and reliable understanding of the internal “black box” mechanisms of batteries. We also provide personal perspectives on challenges and opportunities in this emerging field, aiming to guide the future development of in situ/operando characterization toward more standardized, integrated, and mechanism-informed applications.
Keywords:
Secondary batteries
In situ/operando characterization
Dynamic evolution
Failure mechanisms
Multi-modal coupling
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14.9
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6.0K
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