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Social–ecological dynamics of mangrove restoration in Pondok Bali, North Coast of Java, Indonesia
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DOI：10.1007/s10113-026-02638-3.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This study applies the social–ecological system (SES) framework to analyze mangrove degradation in Pondok Bali on the North Coast of Java, Indonesia. Integrating the SES framework with the Management and Transition Framework (MTF) and systems thinking tools, particularly causal loop diagram (CLD), the study traces historical changes in coastline morphology, mangrove coverage, and community livelihoods. Analysis of satellite imagery (using MNDWI and NDVI) combined with field observations reveals a substantial coastal retreat of up to 2.36 km and significant loss of mangrove area since 1992. The findings identify multiple interacting drivers of degradation, including land use change, unregulated aquaculture expansion, river diversion, land subsidence, and sea level rise. While recent adaptive measures, such as wave-breaking structures and community-based mangrove planting, show potential, public support remains uneven. Overall, the study underscores the need for a coordinated national and regional master plan with clearly defined stakeholder roles and sustainable financing mechanisms. It concludes that successful mangrove restoration depends on integrated engineering and ecological approaches, supported by blended finance and guided by SES-informed planning.
Keywords:
Sustainable restoration
Mangrove ecosystem
Social–ecological system
Coastal management
Java coastline
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