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Soil type and land-use patterns determine the composition of canonical ammonia oxidizers and comammox Nitrospira communities
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DOI：10.1016/j.apsoil.2026.107268.png)
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Abstract
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Land use alters the communities of canonical and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox). However, the responses of these communities to different soil types remain unclear. Here, we investigated the community characteristics of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and comammox Nitrospira in cinnamon and brown soils under forest, cropland, and greenhouse vegetable management systems. We found that AOA abundance was lowest in cropland soils, highest in forest soils of cinnamon soil, and highest in greenhouse vegetable soils of brown soil. With increasing land-use intensity, the abundances of both AOB and comammox Nitrospira increased. In forest and cropland soils, the dominant AOA clades in cinnamon and brown soils were I.1b clade A and I.1b clade B, respectively. In greenhouse vegetable soils, the dominant clades in cinnamon soil and brown soils were clade Nitrososphaera and I.1b clade A, respectively. Additionally, the dominant AOB group shifted from Nitrosospira cluster 3a.1 in forest soils to cluster 3a.2 in cropland and greenhouse vegetable soils. Comammox Nitrospira clade A.2.1 was the main group, whereas comammox Nitrospira clade B was detected only in forest soils and dominated cinnamon forest soils. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that soil pH and the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly influenced the communities of AOA, AOB, and comammox Nitrospira. Based on the partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, AOA I.1b clade Nitrososphaera, group I.1a, and I.1b clade A were identified as important positive predictors of soil potential ammonia oxidation (PAO). Overall, soil type and land-use patterns jointly shaped the community composition of AOA and comammox Nitrospira, whereas the AOB community composition was primarily determined by land-use patterns.
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