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Stark absorption spectroscopy of flavin mononucleotide and derivatives of pyrene; xanthene; phenoxazine; and thienotetracene
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DOI：10.1039/D6CP01178K.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Stark absorption spectroscopy provides quantitative information on charge redistribution of a chromophore; specifically its difference dipole moment (Δ) and change in polarizability ; concurrent with photoexcitation. Δ and have been the focus of fundamental studies of quantum theory and electron transfer and; more recently; have garnered interest in light harvesting; nonlinear optics; and quantum information science. In this work; we quantify the photophysical and electro-optical properties of six conjugated organic molecules—two field standards; two common dyes; and two substituted thienotetracenes. Specifically; we quantify their transition energies; transition dipole moments (μ); |Δ|; ; and ζ; the angle between μ and |Δ|; using a high-sensitivity Stark absorption spectrometer. We first characterized two field standards; flavin mononucleotide and 8-hydroxypyrene-1; 3; 6-trisulfonic acid; in water:glycerol. The |Δ|; ; and ζ values we measured for their first two electronic transitions generally agreed with those reported in past literature precedents; validating our approach. Next; we characterized two common dyes; rhodamine B and Nile blue A; in ethanol. The Δ values for their first electronic transition generally agreed with the corresponding values reported in the literature obtained via the solvatochromic approach. Lastly; we characterized the first electronic transition of two thienotetracenes; which differ by the presence and absence of a biomolecule-compatible tag; a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester group; attached directly to the thienotetracene core. We found that the presence of the NHS ester group increases |Δ|; likely due to its electron withdrawing nature; and decreases . Overall; all six molecules were moderately-strong light absorbers (μ ∼ 3–9 D) with appreciable |Δ| (∼2–7 D) and ranging from 0–200 Å3. This work demonstrates the broad applicability and robustness of Stark spectroscopy and will ideally open the door for future researchers interested in the technique.
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